The England pairing accrued 431.94 points to finish ahead of Australian duo Grant Nel and Matthew Mitcham on Friday.
It caps a fine Games for 19-year-old Laugher, who already has a diving gold medal in the 1m springboard and a silver from the 3m springboard in Glasgow.
Speaking about his victory to BBC Sport, Laugher said: "That was absolutely amazing. Chris and I just wanted to nail it like we have all year.
"The Commonwealth Games have been an absolute dream for me. To come away with the medals I have is absolutely fantastic."
England also took bronze in the same event courtesy of Nick Robinson-Baker and Freddie Woodward.
In Gymnastics, Canada's Scott Morgan added gold in the men's vault to add to his rings victory and silver on the floor.
The 25-year-old received a score of 14.733 and was well clear of second-placed Kristian Thomas from England.
And Canada celebrated further gymnastics success in the women's beam as Elisabeth Black scored a huge 14.900, Australia's Mary-Anne Monckton took silver and Wales' Georgina Hockenhull finished in the bronze medal position.
South Africa won a gold medal in lawn bowls in the women's pairs in a tight match that finished 10-9 in ends.
There was also lawn bowls joy for hosts Scotland, who defeated England 10-4 in the men's fours.
Olympic champion Nicola Adams has the chance to add Commonwealth gold to her impressive resume in boxing after the Englishwoman defeated Canada's Mandy Bujold in the flyweight category.
She will now meet Northern Ireland's Michaela Walsh in the gold-medal bout.
Pakistan's Muhammad Waseem will take on Australia's Andrew Moloney in the men's flyweight, while in the men's bantamweight Northern Ireland's Michael Conlan and England's Qais Ashfaq will battle it out.
Josh Taylor of Scotland and Namibia's Junias Jonas will contest the men's light welterweight final.