Duval, 18, revealed she was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma following her qualifying first-round win at the All England Club, before she gamely reached the second round of the main draw.
The world number 114 said continuing her tournament, which saw her win another three matches before a brave loss to fellow teenager Belinda Bencic, helped her deal with the news.
"It is with a heavy heart that I will have to step away from tennis competition for a short period after being diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma," Duval said in a statement on Friday.
"I received the news after my first round of qualifying at Wimbledon but decided to continue to compete. Being on court provided me with much comfort.
"I have complete faith that God will assist me and my family with all that we need, to achieve victory and become stronger from this journey. I intend to put up my best fight and have a full recovery.
"I picture myself healthy, stronger and competing again soon with even more appreciation for the game I so love.
"I am grateful in advance to my fans and friends for their support and positive thoughts while I will undergo my treatment and fight this battle."
The WTA Tour's website reported Duval's cancer is "isolated", and that a full recovery is expected.
Fellow tour professional Alisa Kleybanova was diagnosed with stage two Hodgkin's Lymphoma in 2011, and played just one tournament in two years before continuing a regular schedule.