Barty, 18, will enter her ninth grand slam main draw after qualifying in New York without dropping a set, downing Melanie Oudin in the final round of the pre-tournament.
The Queenslander will face Czech 30th seed Barbora Zahlavova Strycova in the first round.
Meanwhile Rodionova booked her spot in the main draw at Flushing Meadows for the eighth time, after missing out in qualifying last year.
The result will mark the 32-year-old's first appearance in a grand slam main draw since the 2012 US Open, when she reached the second round.
Rodionova, ranked 219th, will face Italy's Camila Giorgi in the first round.
The pair join Sam Stosur (seeded 24th), Casey Dellacqua (29th), Ajla Tomljanovic and Jarmila Gajdosova as the Australian representatives in the women's draw.
Six players have taken their place in the men's draw, including Nick Kyrgios, Bernard Tomic, Marinko Matosevic, Lleyton Hewitt, Matt Ebden and Sam Groth.
James Duckworth and Thanasi Kokkinakis were second-round losers in qualifying.
The Queenslander will face Czech 30th seed Barbora Zahlavova Strycova in the first round.
Meanwhile Rodionova booked her spot in the main draw at Flushing Meadows for the eighth time, after missing out in qualifying last year.
The result will mark the 32-year-old's first appearance in a grand slam main draw since the 2012 US Open, when she reached the second round.
Rodionova, ranked 219th, will face Italy's Camila Giorgi in the first round.
The pair join Sam Stosur (seeded 24th), Casey Dellacqua (29th), Ajla Tomljanovic and Jarmila Gajdosova as the Australian representatives in the women's draw.
Six players have taken their place in the men's draw, including Nick Kyrgios, Bernard Tomic, Marinko Matosevic, Lleyton Hewitt, Matt Ebden and Sam Groth.
James Duckworth and Thanasi Kokkinakis were second-round losers in qualifying.