He went into the event at the Velodrome Suisse looking to defeat the mark of 49.700 kilometres set by Ondrej Sosenka nine years ago.
And Voigt, who turned 43 just 24 hours earlier, smashed that as he finished up having cycled 51.115km in 60 minutes.
As a previous stage winner on both the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia, Voigt has now added another impressive entry to his list of achievements.
"I'm so happy," he said afterwards. "Maybe I started a little bit too fast out there and I had to slow down after 20 minutes just to get in the right zone.
"Then in the last 20 minutes I still had a lot in the tank and I thought, 'I'm going to give everything'.
"Our strategy was quite conservative. I quickly got ahead and I knew I could stay ahead, but going over 51km is much faster than I expected. I'm really satisfied.
"Now I'm on the list [of record-holders] - nobody is going to strike me off it. To be up there with the likes of [Eddy] Merckx, [Chris] Boardman, [Miguel] Indurain, I'm now proud that my name is with them.
"It's among the biggest highlights of my career. Now I can take the plane back home and there's some pizza waiting for me."