Robinson was involved in a serious accident during an IPC World Cup race on February 12.
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The 29-year-old suffered neck and spinal injuries and spent eight days in hospital in Barcelona.
After being stabilised, he was cleared by medical staff to return by air ambulance to Melbourne. However, during a scheduled stop for refuelling in Kuwait, Robinson suffered a cardiac arrest and could not be revived.
A statement on the Australian Paralympic Committee website read: "Our thoughts and prayers are with Matthew's parents, his fiancee, his family and his team-mates.
"Our immediate concern is to do everything possible to support them at this extremely sad and difficult time.
"The Australian Paralympic Committe will not make any further comment until we have been advised of the wishes of Matthew's fiancee and his parents."