The Dodgers required a five-run seventh inning to come from behind at Wrigley Field, with Yasiel Puig (three hits, one RBI) and Dee Gordon (two hits, one RBI) performing.
The National League's West division leaders sit two-and-a-half games clear of the San Francisco Giants late in the season.
Also two-and-a-half games clear of their division, the St Louis Cardinals had a big win to consolidate their lead in the NL's Central standings.
The Cardinals edged the Milwaukee Brewers 3-2 after 13 innings, Tony Cruz hitting the walk-off single to score Matt Adams.
Closest to St Louis are the Pittsburgh Pirates, who won their fourth straight with a 3-2 result over the Boston Red Sox.
The Pirates' streak has seen them open up a three-and-a-half-game lead on closest wildcard challenger Milwaukee, whose second consecutive loss significantly dents their post-season hopes.
The Giants hold the other NL wildcard place as it stands.
In the American League, the Oakland Athletics' hold on the second wildcard remains under threat, after their third straight loss.
The A's were humbled 7-2 by the Texas Rangers, whose sixth straight win came on the same day former manager Ron Washington admitted to being 'not true' to his wife of 42 years - the reason for his resignation earlier in September.
Further damaging Oakland's play-off hopes was a win to the Seattle Mariners - 3-1 over the Los Angeles Angels - who are just one game behind the A's in their wildcard shootout.
An Adam Lind error saw the New York Yankees walk off against the Toronto Blue Jays 3-2, while NL East champions the Washington Nationals downed the Miami Marlins 6-2.
The Cleveland Indians needed 13 innings to see off the Houston Astros 2-1, the Colorado Rockies' offense broke out late to earn a 7-6 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks and homers to Alexi Amarista and Will Venable sent the San Diego Padres to a 7-3 result over the Philadelphia Phillies.